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Equation 4 · Comparing the Main Approaches to Robotics and Embodied AI

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p^θ(s′∣s,a)\hat{p}_\theta(s' \mid s, a)

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p^θ\hat{p}_\theta

Symbol hatp_θ

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ss

Symbol s

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aa

Symbol a

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Nothing in this update requires knowing or estimating p(s' ∣\mid s, a) ; it only requires having experienced (s, a, r, s') . A model-based approach instead fits an explicit dynamics model p^θ(s′∣s,a)\hat{p}_\theta(s' \mid s, a) — a “world model” — and plans against it directly:

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