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Equation 9 · Naive, Graph, and Agentic: A Systems Comparison of RAG Architectures

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θ\theta

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θ\theta

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with retriever parameters η\eta and generator parameters θ\theta [ 1 ] . One retrieval call, one generation pass, and the entire system’s dependence on the corpus runs through that single set Zk(x)\mathcal{Z}_k(x) .

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