Equation 10 · Part 2 · Cognitive Bias Was the Label; Attention Sink Is the Suspect
superscript
superscript
What this part means
A raised number can be a power. When it is a label or bound, it selects a case or the upper limit of a sum; the formula’s structure distinguishes these uses.
Its job in the formula
A raised mark can be a power or an index. Its position and the surrounding notation determine which.
Full expression→superscript→Article meaning
The passage around this formula
≈ 0.0086 , well under one percentage point. The paper’s own forty-percent threshold sits 0.40 - 0.3333 0.0667 above that null mean, which is z 7.75 standard deviations out — a one-sided tail probability, by the normal approximation to the binomial (valid here since n 667 , far above the usual rule-of-thumb minimum), of roughly 4.7 10^{-15} . At three thousand trials per dataset, in other words, a classifier with no position sensitivity of any kind would essentially never cross this threshold by chance, in either direction. Whatever explains the measured pattern, it is not noise inflated by a lenient bar. This computation does not touch the paper’s…
Learn the underlying idea
An exponent tells how a base is used in multiplication. In x³, x is the base and 3 is the exponent: x³ = x × x × x.
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Sources cited in the article section
These citations provide research context; check each source for the exact claim it supports.