Equation 7 · AI for Science and Medicine: A First-Principles Introduction
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The term worth sitting with is R . Even with a well-powered study and a conventional significance threshold, PPV collapses toward zero as R falls — that is, in fields or moments where most of the hypotheses being tested are, a priori, unlikely to be true, most of the “significant” results those tests produce will be false regardless of how carefully any individual test was run [ 11 ] . This is a statement about the ecosystem generating hypotheses, not about any single experiment’s rigor.
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