subscript

The passage around this formula

Here $q_{tr}$ is supplied input-context length in tokens, not tokens consumed after the agent has begun acting; using post-attempt expenditure would contaminate the predictor with behavior. The term $d_t$ is a predeclared ordinary benchmark-difficulty score based only on endpoint-side, redaction-invariant features such as repository size band, static dependency reach, test-suite scope, and selected task-family label. It is deliberately conventional and admittedly imperfect. The terms $u_{\mathrm{repo}(t)}$ and $u_t$ are repository and task random effects, while $\alpha_m$ represents model or agent-configuration identity. The baseline includes model identity, token length, ordinary difficulty, and task…

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