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Equation 9 · Part 8 · Adapters, Native Pretraining, and Unified Tokens: The Main Multimodal Architectures, Compared

=

Lseq=−∑t=1Tlog⁡pθ ⁣(zt∣z<t),zt∈{0,1,…,V−1}\mathcal{L}_{\text{seq}} = -\sum_{t=1}^{T} \log p_\theta\!\left(z_t \mid z_{<t}\right), \qquad z_t \in \{0, 1, \dots, V-1\}
=

What this part means

The expressions on both sides represent the same quantity under the stated assumptions.

Its job in the formula

The equals sign connects the complete expression on the left with the complete expression on the right. Both sides must have compatible units.

The passage around this formula

Meta’s Chameleon commits to the same principle at a much larger scale and is candid that stability, not capability, was the hard engineering problem. It describes itself as “a family of early-fusion token-based mixed-modal models” that interleaves image and text tokens in one sequence, generating either kind at any position, and its authors state directly that this “requires a stable training approach from inception, an alignment recipe, and an architectural parameterization tailored for the early-fusion, token-based, mixed-modal setting” [ 7 ] . The paper documents the failure mode this addresses concretely: without a query-key normalisation step controlling the growth of attention logits,…

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Learn the underlying idea

An equals sign says that the expression on its left and the expression on its right have the same value under the stated definitions and assumptions.

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Sources cited in the surrounding passage

These citations provide research context; check each source for the exact claim it supports.