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Equation 16 · Part 1 · A Showdown Ladder Rating Measures the Ladder, Not the Player

Symbol X

X±1.96⋅SEMX \pm 1.96 \cdot \mathrm{SEM}
XX

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X is a part of this expression. Its role is fixed by the surrounding article and by the operations shown in the formula.

The passage around this formula

​ , is the quantity that turns a single observed score into a defensible interval rather than a point claim — a test-taker’s true score is estimated to lie within roughly X ±\pm 1.96 ⋅\cdot SEM\mathrm{SEM} at 95% confidence [ 4 ] .

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