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Equation 49 · Part 3 · A Reference Frame Becomes Classical by Publishing Its Orientation

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2sin⁡2(θ/2)/π2\sin^2(\theta/2)/\pi
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What this part means

A raised number can be a power. When it is a label or bound, it selects a case or the upper limit of a sum; the formula’s structure distinguishes these uses.

Its job in the formula

A raised mark can be a power or an index. Its position and the surrounding notation determine which.

The passage around this formula

This expression follows from the Haar distribution of rotation angle, whose density on [0,π\pi] is 2sin⁡2(θ/2)\sin^2(\theta/2)/π\pi . It passes the limiting checks: at ϵ\epsilon=0 , blind success is zero; at ϵ\epsilon=π\pi , it is one. The redundancy definition is informative only when 1-δ\delta>pblind(ϵ)p_{\mathrm{blind}}(\epsilon) . Otherwise an empty box can qualify as a witness.

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Learn the underlying idea

An exponent tells how a base is used in multiplication. In x³, x is the base and 3 is the exponent: x³ = x × x × x.

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Sources cited in the article section

These citations provide research context; check each source for the exact claim it supports.