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Equation 59 · A Chatbot Confessed to Being Built by a Company That Never Trained It

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∅\varnothing

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That objection does not make the transfer-rate construction useless. It makes clear what the construction can and cannot certify from a single reported incident, however well documented. A newspaper report of a striking coincidence is not a ∅\varnothing -class control group, and no amount of confidence from either side of the DeepSeek dispute substitutes for one. What would settle the question is not a better argument. It is the trial the next section specifies.

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