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Equation 1 · Part 2 · A History of AI Alignment as a Research Field

addition

judge alone≈NP,judge+debate (polynomially many rounds)≈PSPACE.\text{judge alone} \approx \mathrm{NP}, \qquad \text{judge} + \text{debate (polynomially many rounds)} \approx \mathrm{PSPACE}.
addition

What this part means

Add the term after the plus sign to the term or group before it.

Its job in the formula

Add the term after the plus sign to the term or group before it.

The passage around this formula

Irving, Christiano, and Amodei’s 2018 “AI Safety via Debate” proposed one answer: train two copies of a model to argue opposing sides of a question in front of a human judge, under a length limit, with the judge deciding which debater was more helpful and honest [ 9 ] . The paper’s own framing draws an explicit analogy to computational complexity theory, arguing that a judge relying on a single unverified report is limited to adjudicating claims a bounded verifier can check directly, while a judge equipped with a structured, adversarial debate between two competing reporters can in principle adjudicate a substantially larger class of claims, since each debater is incentivized to expose flaws…

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Learn the underlying idea

Addition combines quantities; subtraction measures the signed difference between them. Parentheses show what is combined before the rest of the expression is evaluated.

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Sources cited in the surrounding passage

These citations provide research context; check each source for the exact claim it supports.