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The passage around this formula

A loop opens, instead, whenever some edge’s own realization is not simply a difference of two corotating nodes’ W . The clearest documented case is the relativistic Sagnac effect: a synchronization or comparison signal that does not itself corotate with the network — a one-way satellite time transfer, or any path analyzed against a non-rotating inertial frame — picks up an explicit timing correction $\Delta$ $t_e$ = (2/$c^2$)\,$\boldsymbol\Omega$ $\cdot$ $\mathbf A_e$ , where $\mathbf A_e$ is the area swept by that specific link’s path, projected onto Earth’s equatorial plane. That expression carries units of time, while an edge datum is a dimensionless log frequency ratio, so what actually enters the…

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